PARIS — Two days after his death, a video emerged Sunday of one of the Paris gunmen pledging allegiance to the Islamic State group, while his two fellow militants have claimed to be from al-Qaeda — a rival extremist organization.
That seeming contradiction has raised questions about the three French attackers, whether they acted with the direct involvement or knowledge of the networks, and whether their friendship allowed them to put aside the rift between the groups.
The Islamic State group does not cooperate with al-Qaeda’s militants and actually fights them for territory in a side conflict of Syria’s civil war.
In video verified by the SITE Intelligence Group, Amedy Coulibaly said he had worked in coordination with Said and Cherif Kouachi, the “brothers from our team,” who carried out the massacre at the satirical newspaper Charlie Hebdo on Wednesday.
“We did things a bit together and a bit apart, so that it’d have more impact,” he said in fluent French, adding that he had helped the brothers with “a few thousand euros” for the operation. The video also showed him doing pushups, and featured automatic rifles, pistols and ammunition. He spoke beneath the black-and-white flag used by many Islamic militants.
Coulibaly explained why the publication and his target — the kosher supermarket — were selected.
“What we are doing is completely legitimate, given what they are doing,” he said.
The video appeared Sunday on militant websites, and two men who dealt drugs with Coulibaly confirmed his identify to The Associated Press. Police said they were investigating the conditions under which the video was posted.
Prosecutors said Coulibaly killed four hostages Friday in the supermarket, killed a police officer, and shot and wounded a jogger. He died when police stormed the market, minutes after security forces killed the Kouachi brothers.
Survivors say the Charlie Hebdo attackers claimed they were from al-Qaeda in Yemen, which the U.S. considers the most dangerous offshoot of that network.
Experts cast doubt over whether the attacks could have been coordinated by the rival groups. Although Cherif Kouachi was convicted on terrorism charges in 2008, and his brother Said is thought to have trained and fought with al-Qaeda forces while in Yemen, no evidence has emerged as to whether Coulibaly even went to Syria or Iraq, where the Islamic State group holds territory.
His widow was last traced to a town on the Turkey-Syria border a few days before the Paris attacks unfolded.
Since the Islamic State group broke with al-Qaeda last year, militants from the two groups have been locked in a bloody struggle in Iraq and Syria, where the Islamic State claims leadership of a universal caliphate of all Muslims and leadership of global jihad. The two groups have fought each other in battles that have left hundreds dead on both sides.
“It would be a massive surprise,” said Peter Neumann, director of the International Centre for the Study of Radicalization at King’s College London. “The idea that (the two groups) would consciously collaborate on operations abroad seems far-fetched.”
“If anything, the most likely scenario is that there was some sort of playing off each other. Maybe — if there was synchronizing — it happened at the grassroots level,” he said.
Coulibaly’s attack was far less professional and appeared to be more spontaneous.
“He seems to be the prototype of the young, disengaged French Muslim who suffers from this sense of alienation, and then comes (to support an) ideology that makes him feel important, clear-cut and gives him purpose and orientation,” Neumann said.
Timothy Holman, a researcher at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies in Singapore, said the attackers represented who they wish to be perceived as representing, and had personal ties that likely surpassed the rivalries between the core extremist leadership abroad.
The Kouachis’ link to Yemen existed before the rift between the Islamic State and al-Qaeda.
The friendship among the gunmen “predates their militant engagement, and they are fighting as much for each other in some ways as the groups,” Holman said.
In their internationally aimed propaganda magazines, both extremist groups promote the idea that overseas attacks need not have organizational links to the main leadership, and that “mujahedeen,” or holy warriors, should take matters into their own hands.
Thousands of young people from Western Europe have headed to the war zones in Syria and Iraq to join extremists. Lawyers and family members of some of those who have gone say many have only a hazy sense of who will meet them when they arrive. But security officials fear that they will return home with new training in warfare, nursing old grievances.
While a member of al-Qaeda’s branch in Yemen said anonymously Friday that the group had directed the Charlie Hebdo attack, the group has not issued an official statement on the matter. Its senior cleric praised the operation but also stopped short of claiming responsibility directly.
Regardless, even if the al-Qaeda group did not know about the attacks in advance, jihadi fighters in the Middle East have a natural interest to claim such violence and present a unified front to adversaries — even if it sometimes goes against local positioning.
World rallies
Berlin: About 18,000 people gathered at the French Embassy next to Berlin’s iconic Brandenburg Gate.
London: Landmarks including Tower Bridge and the London Eye ferris wheel were lit in the red, white and blue of the French tricolor flag.
Washington: 3,000 people took part in a silent march through the U.S. capital.
Rome: Thousands demonstrated, holding pencils, candles and placards reading: “Je suis Charlie.”
Other cities holding rallies: Beirut, Boston, Brussels, Gaza City, Istanbul, Jerusalem, Madrid, Montreal, Moscow, New York, Ramallah, Tokyo, Toronto, Sydney, Vienna.
