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WASHINGTON — The Obama administration Friday issued long-awaited guidelines designed to protect federal scientists from political interference — the first time the federal government has had an explicit government-wide policy of this kind.

Among the guidelines is a prohibition against government public affairs officers asking or directing federal scientists to alter scientific findings. They also require appointments be made based primarily on “scientific and technological knowledge, credentials, experience and integrity” and that “data and research used to support policy decisions undergo independent peer review by qualified experts.”