It’s hard not to shake your head at one distinctively American aspect of immigration policymaking: how it is based on our aspirations, instead of the real-world dynamics that drive migratory flows and patterns.
Such was the case in 1965 when Congress enacted landmark reforms to our immigration laws. While the 1965 immigration act had the noble goals of eliminating racism and prejudice from the U.S. immigration system, it was enacted without a clear understanding of how and why people migrate to the U.S. from particular countries, or how the anticipated congressional action might affect those patterns.
And so, one unintended consequence of the well-intentioned 1965 immigration reform was an unprecedented rise in illegal migration. This is turn set in motion a cycle of border enforcement that produced even more undocumented migrants living north of the border — and toxic politics around the issue.
The goal of the legislation was to right wrongs — including the bans on Asian and African immigration imposed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and the restrictive 1920s quotas on southern and eastern Europeans. Which is why, in 1965, Congress created a new “fair” system to allocate visas equally across countries with an annual limit of 20,000 visas per country.
In practice, however, the new system gave people in smaller nations much greater access to the U.S. than large nations. Both South Korea and India had an annual allotment of 20,000 visas, but the former had 28.4 million inhabitants in 1965 compared to the latter’s half billion, which made it much easier for Koreans to obtain permanent residence visas.
The restrictive aspects of the new system fell primarily on nations in the Western Hemisphere, where no numerical limits on legal immigration had existed prior to 1968. When opportunities for legal entry closed up, the previous flows of immigrants were quickly re-established under unauthorized auspices. As a result, apprehensions along the U.S.-Mexico border began to rise, signaling the rise of a new phenomenon known as “illegal migration.”
The result was a progressive militarization of our southern border. Although little had changed in practical terms in the years after 1965 — the same migrants were leaving the same communities to go to the same employers in the same U.S. states in about the same numbers — now the migrants were “illegal” and hence by definition “lawbreakers” and “criminals.”
In public discourse, the “illegal invasion” became linked to the perceived national security of the day: to communist infiltration in the 1980s, drugs in the 1990s, al-Qaeda and ISIS in the 2000s, even Ebola this decade. In the American imagination, the Mexico-U.S. border came to be seen symbolically as the defensive line separating America from a hostile world.
From 1980 to 2010, the Border Patrol budget rose 16 times, despite the fact that the number of attempted undocumented entries was not itself rising. Faced with the significant risks of crossing the border, after first entering the U.S., Mexicans hunkered down to stay, dramatically reducing the rate of out-migration while leaving the rate of in-migration largely unaffected. As migrant workers spent more time north of the border, their spouses and children increasingly migrated to the U.S. to join them.
In short, shifts in U.S. immigration policies transformed a circular flow of male workers from Mexico going to a few states into a settled population of families living in 50 states, including 11 million undocumented people.
This all resulted from immigration policymaking rooted not in geographic, demographic or economic considerations, but in America’s deeper hopes and aspirations — and its fears and insecurities.
Douglas S. Massey is the Henry G. Bryant professor of sociology and public affairs at Princeton University and co-director of the Mexican Migration Project.
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