Chapter One
Escape to the South
On the night of March 11, 1942, Douglas MacArthur was preparing to flee the
island of Corregidor, headquarters of the Allied forces in the Philippines. Only
fifteen miles across the North Channel, his army was trapped on the
jungle-clothed Philippine peninsula of Bataan.
MacArthur, his wife, his four-year-old son Arthur, Arthur’s Cantonese amah,
thirteen members of MacArthur’s staff, two naval officers, and a technician
gathered at the destroyed Corregidor dock. Corregidor rose dramatically from the
waters of Manila Bay. What had once been a luxuriant green island was now a
devastated, crater-ridden monument to the fury of the battle for the
Philippines. Major General Jonathan “Skinny” Wainwright emerged from the
shadows.
“Jonathan,” MacArthur said, “I want you to understand my position very plainly.
I’m leaving for Australia pursuant to repeated orders of the President … I
want you to make it known throughout all elements of your command that I’m
leaving over my repeated protests. If I get through to Australia you know I’ll
come back as soon as I can with as much as I can. In the meantime, you’ve got to
hold.”
Wainwright assured MacArthur that he would do everything in his power to hold
Bataan. He wiped the tears from his eyes and MacArthur’s jaw quivered. Then
MacArthur composed himself and shook Wainwright’s hand. “When I get back, if
you’re still on Bataan, I’ll make you a lieutenant general.”
Wainwright said simply, “I’ll be on Bataan if I’m alive.”
MacArthur’s long personal crusade to return to the Philippines in victory had
begun.
Lieutenant John “Buck” Bulkeley, a naval commander, had already inspected the
four escape crafts-mahogany-hulled PT boats, seventy-seven feet from bow to
stern, powered by big Packard engines. That said, the PT boats were still risky.
After three months of combat, the engines were overused; the boats were fast,
but not fast enough to outrun enemy destroyers. To make matters worse, the party
would have to travel hundreds of miles over poorly charted waters, using only a
compass, crude maps, and dead reckoning. MacArthur, though, could not be
dissuaded from his plan. He had already refused to go by submarine-getting a
sub to Corregidor would simply take too much time, time MacArthur did not have.
Besides, he loved the PT boat, and that was how he wanted to leave the
Philippines. The Japanese navy was watching for him, and MacArthur understood
the implications. His wife and child were aboard Bulkeley’s boat with him. And
Tokyo Rose had been broadcasting threats-if captured, MacArthur would be hanged
in public in Tokyo’s Imperial Plaza. The Japanese, though, would never take him
alive. He had two highly polished derringers and two cartridges that he planned
to use as a last resort.
It was a moonlit night, and as the boats moved toward Mindoro, south of
Corregidor, Lieutenant Bulkeley felt a growing apprehension. They were nearing
the Japanese blockade. Pummeled by strong easterly winds, the seas churned, and
visibility was poor. MacArthur, Arthur, and Arthur’s nurse, lay below, miserably
seasick. Arthur was running a fever and MacArthur retched violently. Though also
sick, MacArthur’s wife Jean tended to both her son and her husband. In the rough
seas, the boats became separated, and from that point on, it was every crew for
itself.
One of the four PT boats reached the rendezvous point in the Cuyo Islands and
waited in the morning mist for the arrival of the others. Suddenly, the
commander of the first boat sighted what he thought was a Japanese destroyer
speeding toward them. He ordered five hundred gallons of gasoline jettisoned and
pushed down on the throttles. Still the other ship gained on them. Realizing he
could not get away, the commander reversed course and readied the torpedoes for
firing. He was prepared to give the order when he recognized the oncoming ship
as Bulkeley’s vessel.
After the near mishap, MacArthur and his party waited for the third PT boat (the
fourth boat had broken down en route). It was a hot, sultry day, and they bobbed
like castaways on the water among the sandy coves and palm-fringed, volcanic
islands. Two hours later, the third PT boat limped into the inlet. MacArthur now
had an important decision to make. The plan was to meet the submarine Permit. At
that point, they had to choose-submarine or PT boat. MacArthur was tempted to
travel the rest of the way by submarine, but Bulkeley pointed out that
Tagauayan, where they were to assemble, was three hours away and that they would
never be able to get there in time. MacArthur was getting antsy. Knowing that
there would be planes waiting to transport them to Australia, MacArthur decided
to make directly for Mindanao in two of the original four PT boats.
Less than an hour after leaving, MacArthur heard the lookout shout, “Looks like
an enemy cruiser!” Bulkeley drew in a deep breath when he saw the faster
warship’s imposing outlines. Then he calmed himself and waited for the
inevitable. But the inevitable never came. The seas were rough and the PT boats
lay low in the water, surrounded by whitecaps, and skidded by the cruiser
without being spotted.
Hours later, in the waning light of the afternoon, they saw the hulking
silhouette of a Japanese warship. They cut their engines and hoped they would be
mistaken for native fishing vessels. The ruse worked. They had averted
disaster-again.
On a clear night, illuminated by the moon, they continued across the Mindanao
Sea bound for Cagayan on Mindanao’s north coast. When they arrived at the Del
Monte cannery in Cagayan in the early morning of March 13, they knew that they
had slipped through the Japanese blockade.
But now the group faced another potential disaster. The plan had been to reach
Cagayan by water and then to fly directly to Darwin on Australia’s north coast.
However, as MacArthur watched one war-weary B-17 land, he grew furious and
refused to let anyone board. He had expected four reliable planes, not one
dilapidated B-17.
For nearly four days MacArthur and his party risked discovery while his
Commander of American Forces in Australia tried to secure navy planes. Everyone
was tense, especially Major General Richard Sutherland, MacArthur’s chief of
staff. Sutherland fumed that they were sitting ducks. A Philippine informant
could easily betray them to the Japanese, who were on the south end of the
island and regularly patrolled north. On the evening of March 16, two of the
navy’s best Flying Fortresses landed.
Hours later, as the two bombers crossed the Celebes Sea, enemy fighters appeared
out of the darkness. Terror swept through the planes. Had they made it this far
only to be gunned down by enemy pilots? They could do only one thing-continue
to fly their course. As he watched, the Zeros inexplicably turned back. Then
MacArthur knew that they had finally escaped.
When the Flying Fortresses landed forty miles south of Darwin at Batchelor
Field, two DC-3s were waiting to transport the group to Melbourne. However,
MacArthur refused to fly. His wife had been very sick on the flight, and out of
concern for her, he did not want to board another plane. What eventually
convinced him not to travel by train was his son’s condition. Authur remained
very ill; his doctor did not think that he could make the long overland journey.
After considerable discussion, MacArthur finally agreed to fly.
When they landed in Alice Springs to refuel, the rest of the crew went by air to
South Australia; MacArthur, though, insisted now on traveling by train. But the
one that serviced Alice Springs had left the previous day, so arrangements had
to be made to bring in a special train.
When it arrived the next day, MacArthur, his wife and son, the amah, and General
Sutherland boarded. For three and a half days and over one thousand miles, the
slow, narrow-gauge train chugged through the vast, sun-scorched Australian
outback to Adelaide. Nearing the city, MacArthur’s deputy chief of staff boarded
the train and delivered a wrenching blow: The general would not lead a great
army against the Japanese. In fact, he would be fighting a shoestring campaign.
Months before, Roosevelt and Churchill had met in Washington, D.C., and together
they settled on a “Germany first” policy, determining that the Atlantic-European
theater would be the main focus of operations. MacArthur was nearly speechless
at the news. “God have mercy on us” was all he could say.
Approaching Adelaide, MacArthur was forced to compose himself. At the station,
the gathered reporters were eager to know: He had fled the Philippines; yet his
men were still there fighting. Did he have anything to say? MacArthur was tired
and still distraught from Sutherland’s news, “a lonely, angry man,” according to
his wife. But he wanted to send a message to his army and the people of the
Philippines to let them know that they would not be forgotten. It was then that
he delivered his famous words: “The President of the United States ordered me to
break through the Japanese lines and proceed for Corregidor to Australia for the
purpose, as I understand it, of organizing the American offensive against Japan,
a primary object of which is the relief of the Philippines. I came through and I
shall return.”
On March 18, a day after he arrived in Australia, MacArthur learned the whole
truth of America’s “Germany first” policy: His U.S. ground troops would be
limited to two divisions. He protested to General Marshall “No commander in
American history has so failed of support as here.”
MacArthur already felt as if Roosevelt had betrayed him in the Philippines. Now
he felt betrayed again. His hope for a quick victory against the Japanese in New
Guinea evaporated.
* * *
When MacArthur came to Australia, not only did he not have a great army to lead,
but he was being asked to protect a country that was powerless to protect
itself. In a show of extreme loyalty, Australia had sent its land, sea, and air
forces to join England in its fight against the European Axis in Africa, Greece,
and the Middle East.
Australia’s national security and twelve thousand miles of its coastline were
left to the Australian militia, a group of poorly trained, poorly equipped home
guardsmen. Australian officials feared that Japan would invade, and the
Australian press shamelessly fueled these fears. Thousands of Sydney residents
fled the city for the Blue Mountains fifty miles to the west; people in Darwin,
Cairns, and Townsville abandoned their homes.
A month before MacArthur arrived in Australia, the country’s growing sense of
vulnerability became a reality. Japanese planes bombed Darwin, killing 250
people and destroying nine ships and twenty aircraft.
A feeling of paranoia seized Australia. The Japanese had roared through Hong
Kong, Malaya, Guam, Rabaul, Singapore, Java, the Dutch East Indies, and Burma.
Eventually, what Japan would call its “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere”
would cover the entire coastline of Asia, extending from Manchuria to Rangoon,
and would include the Pacific in a line running south from the Aleutian Islands.
It would occupy one-sixth of the earth’s surface. The Australians feared they
were next.
On February 3, Japan bombed Port Moresby, New Guinea’s largest city, for the
first time. By early March, Japanese forces occupied Salamaua and Lae, two
cities that were part of Australia’s New Guinea mandate. The invasion was staged
from Rabaul, a small town on the island of New Britain, four hundred air miles
off the New Guinea mainland, which the Japanese had overwhelmed one-and-a-half
months earlier despite valiant opposition from the Australian forces garrisoned
there. The Japanese transformed Rabaul into their South Sea base. With a
magnificent harbor and two airfields, Rabaul held one of the largest collections
of troops outside of Japan.
After the Japanese landed in New Guinea, Allied headquarters in Australia did
its best to anticipate Japan’s next move. Would Premier Hideki Tojo’s army
invade Australia? Whatever Japan’s plans were, there was no denying the
reality-Australia, New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands were the last major
positions still left to the Allies in the Southwest Pacific.
On February 17, 1942, Army Chief of Staff General George C. Marshall ordered the
transfer to Australia of the 41st U.S. Infantry Division. The 41st’s mission was
to protect Australia’s ports and air bases and to provide garrisons for the
defense of its eastern and northeastern coastal cities. Despite the imminent
arrival of the 41st Division, when MacArthur landed in Australia in mid-March
1942 he began lobbying for more troops and more planes and ships, especially
aircraft carriers.
MacArthur combined his obsession with returning to the Philippines with a
suspicion that the political powers in the U.S., especially the Joint Chiefs of
Staff, and the demands and influence of the navy in the Central Pacific, were
depriving him of the resources he needed to wage a war (only 9 percent of U.S.
supplies went to the Southwest Pacific). He complained that he was “always the
underdog, and was always fighting with destruction just around the corner.” To
an extent, MacArthur’s fears were justified. MacArthur and the navy brass were
openly hostile to each other. Both lobbied for a finite supply of resources, for
which the navy was often given preference.
Australia’s Prime Minister, John Curtin, had been waging his own personal
campaign for troops for months, entreating Great Britain for its help before
MacArthur ever set foot in Australia. Britain, though, had thrown herself full
force against the Germans, and Churchill maintained that he did not have the
troops to spare. In desperation Curtin turned to the United States.
The day after Pearl Harbor, Curtin allied Australia with the Americans,
declaring that Australia was “at war with Japan.” On December 23, 1941, he wrote
to Roosevelt and to Churchill: “Our resources here are very limited. It is in
your power to meet the situation. Should the government of the United States
desire, we would gladly accept an American Commander in the Pacific Area.”
At the same time, Curtin demanded three divisions from Australia’s Imperial
Forces sent home at once. When Churchill told him that his request was
impossible to fulfill, Curtin persisted, and eventually won the return of two
out of the three. Churchill argued that to remove the 9th Division from the
Middle East would jeopardize the British line. He then suggested to Roosevelt
that if the Prime Minister agreed to leave the 9th Division in place, the United
States should send to Australia another U.S. Army Infantry division. Marshall
chose the 32nd.
A full seven months later, as the Japanese Imperial army ascended a high ridge
overlooking Port Moresby, MacArthur dispatched two of the 32nd Division’s three
regimental combat teams to New Guinea.
* * *
Although MacArthur came to Australia in defeat, no one would have known it from
his reception. One of the most decorated generals of his time, a man who during
World War I was called by America’s secretary of war “the finest front line
American general of the war,” had arrived to defend Australia in her hour of
need.
(Continues…)
Excerpted from The Ghost Mountain Boys
by James Campbell
Copyright © 2007 by James Campbell.
Excerpted by permission.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.
Crown
Copyright © 2007
James Campbell
All right reserved.
ISBN: 978-0-307-33596-8
