LONDON — “Who’s helping the children?”
That was the question that Nicholas Winton, a 29-year-old English stockbroker, asked when he found himself in Prague in 1938. As war loomed in Europe, humanitarian groups had initiated efforts to aid Jews, political refugees and other groups endangered by Hitler’s advancing threat. But Winton found no such effort underway specifically for the children of Czechoslovakia.
Inspired by the Kindertransport, a rescue operation then in place for children in Germany and Nazi-occupied Austria, Winton set about a mission he called his “wartime gesture.” He was credited with saving, through his personal initiative, the lives of at least 669 boys and girls. For decades after the war, he kept his work secret.
By the time of his death on July 1 at 106, Winton was internationally celebrated as a hero of the Holocaust. He appeared uncomfortable with the honors bestowed on him, which included a knighthood from Queen Elizabeth II, and remarked that the work accounted for “just nine months in a very long life.”
Those nine months began in December 1938. By that time, European powers had signed the Munich Agreement, which allowed Nazi Germany to annex the Czech territory known as the Sudetenland. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain predicted that the agreement would bring “peace for our time.”
Winton was preparing for a ski trip when he received a call from his travel companion, Martin Blake.
“The skiing’s off,” Winton later recalled his friend saying. “I am off to Prague instead. I have a most interesting assignment and I need your help. Come as soon as you can. And don’t bother bringing your skis.”
Blake, a schoolteacher, was associated with the British Committee for Refugees from Czechoslovakia, an organization created to assist Jews and other targets of Nazi persecution who left the Sudetenland after the German occupation.
Winton occupied a hotel room in Prague’s Wenceslas Square and later an office where, over several weeks, he collected applications from parents seeking a way out of Czechoslovakia for their children. Thousands of families lined up outside his door.
“Each group felt that they were the most urgent,” Winton told the London Daily Mail. “Often, it was heartbreaking.”
With the applications in hand, Winton returned to England and began seeking host families for the children. He wrote letters to government leaders around the world, including in the United States. Nearly all of them turned down his requests for assistance. “If America had only agreed to take them, too,” he said, “I could have saved at least 2,000 more.”
Sweden agreed to take in some of the young refugees, as did Britain — provided that Winton could identify families willing to care for the children until they were 17 years old. The government also required that he secure the staggering sum of 50 pounds per child for their eventual return home.
Many of the children would lose their parents in the Nazi death camps and had no home to return to after the war.
While holding down his job at the stock exchange and with help from assistants, including his mother, Winton gathered or forged travel documents for the children, raised the necessary funds and recruited host families through newspaper ads and other means.
The first group left Prague by air on March 14, 1939, one day before Nazi Germany invaded the Czech areas of Bohemia and Moravia. Seven subsequent transports — the last of them departed Aug. 2, 1939 — carried the children by train through Europe and then by ship across the English Channel.
The last train was scheduled to depart on Sept. 3, 1939, carrying about 250 children — the largest of Winton’s transports. But war was declared and the borders were closed. None of the children slated to leave on that train are believed to have survived.
“Terrible,” Winton said. “It doesn’t bear thinking about.”
